Tokyo Institute of Technology

Tokyo Institute of Technology  is a national top-tier research university located in Greater Tokyo Area, Japan. Tokyo Tech is the largest institution for higher education in Japan dedicated to science and technology. Tokyo Tech enrolled 4,850 undergraduates and 5,006 graduate students for 2009–2010. It employs around 1,400 faculty members.

Tokyo Tech's main campus is located at Ōokayama on the boundary of Meguro and Ota, with its main entrance facing theŌokayama Station. Other campuses are located in Suzukakedai and Tamachi. Tokyo Tech is organised into 6 schools, within which there are over 40 departments and research centres.

Operating the world-class supercomputer Tsubame 2.0,and making a breakthrough in high-temperature superconductivity, Tokyo Tech is a major centre for supercomputing technology and condensed matter research in the world.

In 2011, it celebrated the 130th anniversary of its founding. In 2014, it joined the edX consortium and formed the Online Education Development Office (OEDO)  to create MOOCS, which are hosted on the edX website.

History

Foundation and early years (1881–1922)

Tokyo Institute of Technology was founded by the government of Japan as the Tokyo Vocational School on May 26, 1881, 14 years after the Meiji Restoration. To accomplish the quick catch-up to the West, the government expected this school to cultivate new modernized craftsmen and engineers. In 1890, it was renamed Tokyo Technical School. In 1901, it changed name to Tokyo Higher Technical School.

Great Kantō earthquake and World War II (1923–1945)

In early days, the school was located in Kuramae, the eastern area of the Greater Tokyo Area, where many craftsmens' workshops had been since the old Shogun's era. The buildings in Kuramae campus were destroyed by the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. In the following year, the Tokyo Higher Technical School moved from Kuramae to the present site in Ookayama, a south suburb of the Greater Tokyo Area. In 1929 the school became Tokyo Institute of Technology, gaining a status of national university, which allowed the university to award degrees. The university had the Research Laboratory of Building Materials in 1934, and its five years later the Research Laboratory of Resources Utilisation and the Research Laboratory of Precision Machinery were constructed. The Research Laboratory of Ceramic Industry was made in 1943, and one year before the World War Two finished the Research Laboratory of Fuel Science and the Research Laboratory of Electronics were made.

Post-War Era (1946–present)

After World War II, the new education system was promulgated in 1949 with the National School Establishment Law, and Tokyo Institute of Technology was reorganized. Many three-year courses were turned into four-year courses with the start of the School of Engineering this year. The university started graduate programmes in engineering in 1953. In the following year, the five research laboratories were integrated and reorganised into four new labs: the Research Laboratory of Building Materials, the Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, the Precision and Intelligence Laboratory and the Research Laboratory of Ceramic Industry, and the School of Engineering was renamed the School of Science and Engineering.

Throughout the post-war reconstruction of the 1950s, the high economic growth era of the 1960s, and the aggressive economic era marching to the Bubble Economy of the 1980s, TIT kept providing Japan its leading engineers, researchers, and business persons. Since April 2004, it has been semi-privatized into the National University Incorporation of Tokyo Institute of Technology under a new law which applied to all national universities.

In its 130 years, Tokyo Tech has provided scientific researchers and engineers and many social leaders, including Naoto Kan who is a former prime minister.

Campuses

Tokyo Tech has three campuses, the Ōokayama campus in Ōokayama Meguro as the main

campus, Tamachi campus in ShibauraMinato and the Suzukakedai campus, located in Nagatsuta, Midori-ku in Yokohama.

• Ōokayama Station campus
• Tamachi campus
• Suzukakedai campus

Libraries

The main library of Tokyo Tech is the Tokyo Institute of Technology Library in Ookayama. It is the home of Japan's largest science and technology library. The library was founded in 1882, and it lost nearly 28,000 books during the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. Moved to Ookayama in 1936, it has been the national science and technology library of Japan.

1,200 students and staff visit the library each day.
It has 674,000 books and 2,500 journals, including 1,600 foreign academic journals; the number of international research collections is the largest in Japan. It provides around 7,000 registered electric journals each year. The library is therefore recognised for the outstanding national and international importance and awarded 'Centre of foreign journals' by the government of Japan. Renewal construction of the library was completed on July 2011.

International graduate programmes

Tokyo Tech runs intensive programmes for obtaining master degree or PhD. Called the Tokyo Tech's International Graduate Program, the programmes are targeted at international students of high academic potential who are not Japanese speakers. Lectures and seminars are given in English mainly by Tokyo Tech's faculty members.Programme starting dates are October or April. Public fundings for these courses are also available; those students who have academic excellence may apply for scholarships from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

Tokyo Tech is one of the most prestigious universities in Japan. It can be seen in the several rankings such as shown below.

General rankings

The university has been ranked 2nd(National) in 2011 in the field of Engineering "Entrance score ranking of Japanese universities-Department of Engineering" by Score-navi. In another ranking, Japanese prep school Kawaijuku ranked Tokyo Tech as the 4th best(overall), 2-3rd best in former semester and 1st in latter semester (Department of Engineering) university in Japan (2012).

According to QS World University Rankings, Tokyo Tech was ranked 3rd in Japan and internationally ranked 20th in the field of Engineering and Technology, and 51st in Natural science in 2011. The university was ranked 31st worldwide according to Global University ranking and 57th in 2011 according to QS World University Rankings, It was also ranked 31st worldwide according to the Global University Ranking in 2009.

Research performance

Tokyo Tech is one of the top research institutions in natural sciences and technology in Japan. According to Thomson Reuters, its research excellence(Pure science only for this information) is especially distinctive in Materials Science (5th in Japan, 24th in the world),Physics (5th in Japan, 31st in the world), and Chemistry (5th in Japan, 22nd in the world).

Weekly Diamond also reported that Tokyo Tech has the highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program. In the same article, it's also ranked 8th in terms of the quality of education by GP funds per student.

In addition, according to the QS World University Rankings　on 2012/9 surveyed about the general standards in Engineering&Technology field, Tokyo Tech was placed 19th (world), 2nd(national).

The Tsubame 2.0, which is a large-scale supercomputer in Tokyo Tech, was ranked 5th of the world best-performed computer.(1st in the world as university's owned one) This supercomputer is used for simulation related to the complex systems such as the dynamics of planets or financial systems.

As Tokyo Tech has been emphasizing on 'practical' research, Tokyo Tech got the 2nd place at the number of patents accepted (284) during 2009 among Japanese Universities.

Alumni rankings

Alumni of Tokyo Tech enjoy their good success in Japanese industries. According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 2006/10/16, graduates from Tokyo Tech have the 2nd best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the average graduate salary is the 9th best in Japan.École des Mines de Paris ranks Tokyo Tech as 92nd in the world in 2011 in terms of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies.Also, according to the article of The New York Times- Universities with the most employable students ranking 2012, Tokyo Tech ranked 14th place in the world(2nd in Asia, 1st in Japan).

Popularity and selectivity

Tokyo Tech is one of the most selective universities in Japan. Its entrance difficulty is usually considered as one of the most difficult in Japan.

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi

The Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (abbreviated IIT Delhi or IITD) is a public research university located in Delhi, India. It was declared to be Institute of National Importance by Government of India under Institutes of Technology Act. IIT Delhi is one of the two educational institutes in India which have been listed in Quacquarelli Symonds’(QS) list of top 200 universities globally in 2015.



History

The concept of the IITs was first introduced in a report in the year 1945 by Sh. N.M.Sircar, then member of Education on Viceroy’s Executive Council. Following his recommendations, the first Indian Institute of Technology was established in the year 1950 in Kharagpur (namely Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur). The Government of India negotiated with the British Government for collaboration in setting up an Institute of Technology at Delhi. The British Government agreed in principle to such a collaboration, but were inclined initially to start in a modest way. It was therefore agreed that a College of Engineering & Technology should be established at Delhi with their assistance. A trust called the Delhi Engineering College Trust was established with the help of the UK Government and the Federation of British Industries in London. Later H.R.H. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, during his visit to India, laid the foundation stone of the College at Hauz Khas on January 28, 1959.

Delhi Technological university's departments of Chemical Technology and Textile Technology were shifted out en-block to mark the beginning of IIT Delhi at its campus in Hauz Khas. The Delhi Technological University is thus the mother institution of IIT Delhi.

The College of Engineering & Technology was registered as a Society on 14 June 1960 under the Societies Registration Act No. XXI of 1860 (Registration No.S1663 of 1960-61). The first admissions were made in 1961. The students were asked to report at the College on 16 August 1961 and the College was formally inaugurated on 17 August 1961 by Prof. Humayun Kabir, Minister of Scientific Research & Cultural Affairs. The College was affiliated to the University of Delhi.

The College of Engineering & Technology established in 1961 was declared an Institute of National Importance under the “Institute of Technology (Amendment) Act 1963” and was renamed “Indian Institute of Technology Delhi”. It was then accorded the status of a University with powers to decide its own academic policy, to conduct its own examinations, and to award its own degrees.

Delhi Campus

IIT Delhi is located in Hauz Khas, South Delhi. The campus of 325 acres (132 ha) is surrounded by the beautiful Hauz Khas area and monuments such as the Qutub Minar and Lotus Temple. The campus is also close to other educational institutions such as the Jawaharlal Nehru University, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Fashion Technology, National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and Indian Statistical Institute.

The inside of the campus resembles a city, with gardens, lawns, residential complexes and wide roads. The campus has its own water supply and backup electricity supply along with shopping complexes to cater to the daily needs of residents.

The IIT-D campus is divided into four zones:

• Student Residential Zone
• Faculty and Staff Residential Zone
• Student Recreational Area, that includes the Student Activity Center (SAC), football stadium, cricket ground, basketball courts, hockey field, lawn tennis courts and swimming pool
• Academic Zone that includes department offices, lecture theatres, libraries and workshops.

The student residential zone is divided into two main sectors—one for boys hostels and another for girls hostels.

Hostels

There are 14 hostels (11 for boys and 3 for girls), There are also apartments for married students. All the hostels are named after mountain ranges in India. These are:

Boys

• Jwalamukhi Hostel,
• Aravali Hostel
• Karakoram Hostel
• Nilgiri Hostel
• Kumaon Hostel
• Vindhyachal Hostel
• Shivalik Hostel
• Satpura Hostel
• Zanskar Hostel
• Girnar Hostel
• Udaygiri Hostel

Girls Hostel:

• Kailash Hostel
• Himadri Hostel
• New Kailash Hostel

The residential apartments are named after ancient Indian universities:

• Takshashila
• Nalanda
• Vaishali
• Indraprastha
• Vikramshila

Girnar House had the highest number of residents in 2011 with more than 700 students^{[citation needed]}. Each Hostel has its distinct culture of sports and cultural activities. Hostels compete in inter hostel events to bring home various trophies which include RCA and GC, which are the highest awards for cultural and sports accomplishments over a year by a particular hostel. RCA was claimed by Jwalamukhi in year 2010, Kumaon in 2011 while it was shared between Kumaon and Shivalik in 2012. Kumaon also won the 2011 and 2012 GC trophies, as well as the BHC trophies for both 2011 and 2012. Academic year ends with an annual function of hostels known as 'House day' in which the passing out batch and the freshers give various cultural performances and awards are distributed for outstanding contribution to various hostel activities.

Student Activity Center

The Student Activity Center or SAC is a part of the Student Recreation Zone in IIT Delhi. The SAC is for the extracurricular activities of the students. The SAC consists of a gymnasium, swimming pool, pool and billiards rooms, squash courts, table tennis rooms, a badminton court, a music room, a fine arts room, a robotics room and a committee room used to organise quizzing and debating events. The SAC also has an Open Air Theatre where concerts are hosted. Students can use the radio broadcasting facility (HAM) in the SAC although its use has declined over the years.

Student bodies

There are a number of student bodies in IIT Delhi, each with its own set of responsibilities. The highest student body in IIT Delhi is the Student Affairs Council (SAC). All the other student boards are included under the SAC, as listed below:

• Board for Student Welfare(BSW)

As the name suggests BSW works for the welfare of all the students of IITD.The BSW shall organise welfare activities from time to time and look in to other aspects of student welfare. The BSW shall provide financial aid to the needy students as per the decided rules. BSW has the responsibility of organising Speranza,the annual youth festival of IIT Delhi.

• Board for Recreational and Creative Activities (BRCA)

Under new structure, the BRCA consists of 9 clubs: Literary Club, Debating Society (DebSoc), Dramatics Club, Dance Club, Music Club, Photography and Films Club (PFC), Indoor Sports Club (ISC), Quizzing Club (QC), the Fine Arts and Crafts Club (FACC), in addition to the Society for the Promotion of Indian Classical Music And Culture Amongst Youth SPIC MACAY Delhi. Each club has a hostel representative working under the aegis of the hostel cultural secretary. The BRCA has the responsibility of organising the annual cultural festival of IIT Delhi, called Rendezvous.

• Board for Student Publications (BSP)

BSP is the student managed board responsible for all journalistic and creative publications at IIT Delhi, bringing out 4 magazines, the Inception, the Muse, Sync I and Sync II; and 4 newsletters, the Inquirer, annually. The BSP also conducts the IIT Delhi’s annual Literary festival – Literati each September, hosting a plethora of events that include panel discussions, guest talks, poetry recitations and literature quizzes. The Board serves both as a creative outlet, and as a platform to voice student opinion, organising numerous competitions and workshops throughout the year.

• Board for Sports Activities (BSA)

BSA is the Sports Board of IIT Delhi. It provides facilities for many sports such as Aquatics, Athletics, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Football, Hockey, Lawn tennis, Squash, Table-Tennis, Volleyball, Weight Lifting. The Board Council consists of President, Vice-President, Sports Officer, Sports Administrators. Also there are the posts of General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, the candidates for which are elected from amongst the students by themselves. Besides this, there are 13 sports secretaries, one from each of the 13 hostels.

The Board monitors the sports domain of the institute. It is responsible for maintaining the sports grounds of different sports, conducting Inter Hostel sports competition, participation of IIT Delhi in InterIIT Sports Meet (the annual sports event of all the IITs). Apart from this, BSA is also responsible for conducting Sportech, the annual Sports Festival of IIT Delhi.

The other student council is the Co-curricular and Academic Interaction Council (CAIC). which deals with the academic and co-curricular activities of the students. There are 45 student representatives to the CAIC: 22 from the UG students and 23 from the PG students, apart from 2 representatives from each co-curricular body. The co-curricular activities under the CAIC are:

• Robotics Club
• Entrepreneurship Development Cell
• Technocracy (consisting of Astronomy Club, Economics Club, Electronics Club and Tech Workshops)
• Automobile Club (consisting of Formula SAE, Mini Baja, and HPV)

The annual technical festival of IIT Delhi, Tryst is organised by the CAIC.

Sonipat Campus

This campus will be located in the Rajiv Gandhi Education City, Sonipat. The Campus in Sonipat will be focusing on Executive MBA and Faculty Development programs and is under construction.

Academics

IIT Delhi, like all other Indian Institutes of Technology, conducts various programs including bachelor's degree in Technology, the Dual Degree Bachelor-cum-Master of Technology program and an Integrated Master of Technology Program. It also offers postgraduate level programs like Master of Technology, Master of Science, Master of Science (Research), Master of Business Administration, Master of Design (Industrial Design). Finally it also offers a PhD program for research in basics sciences such as biological sciences, chemical sciences, physical sciences as well as interdisciplinary research including but not limited to nanoscience and nanotechnology, biomedical sciences and bioengineering etc. The admission criteria for all these programs is very competitive and depends on the particular program.

The academic year is organised around the semester. There are two semesters in a year, however, there is an additional summer semester also running a few courses. IIT Delhi follows a 10-point CGPA scale, with a rigorous examination procedure consisting of two mid-semester examinations called Minor Examinations and an end-semester examination called the Major Examination. Apart from that, the courses may involve short projects, term-papers, self-study assignments, and regular surprise quizzes help to keep students on their toes and never let them catch their breath.

Undergraduate programs

IIT Delhi offers a Bachelor of Technology in nine areas that include:

• Biochemical Engineering and biotechnology
• Chemical Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Computer Science and Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Engineering Physics
• Mathematics and Computing
• Mechanical Engineering
• Production and Industrial Engineering
• Textile Technology.

Undergraduate-cum-postgraduate dual programs

The dual degree B.Tech-cum-M.Tech program is offered in following areas:

• Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology,
• Chemical Engineering,
• Computer Science and Engineering, and
• Electrical Engineering.(Discontinued from 2013)
• Mathematics and Computing (Integrated M.Tech.)

The admission to these programs is done through Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) which is an all India entrance examination. Admissions to the IIT programs are done on the basis of merit list of JEE-Advanced (second phase of JEE). Roughly about a million students take this exam every year with only few thousands of them actually crossing the bridge.

Postgraduate programs

IIT Delhi offers many postgraduate programs (M.Tech(by coursework), M.S.(by Research), M.Sc., M. Des., MBA under various departments and centres. The school of MBA in IIT Delhi is Department of Management Studies. The admission to M.Tech and M.Des programs are carried out mainly based on Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). M.Sc. admissions are through Joint Admission Test for Masters (JAM) and MBA admissions are through Common Admission Test (CAT). Students securing very good scores in these exams are called for personal interview.

Rankings

Internationally, IIT Delhi was ranked #179 in the QS World University Rankings in 2015 and at 38 in the QS Asian Rankings of 2014. IIT Delhi has responded to being ranked 176 on the QS Worldwide University Rankings, with an appeal for more "investment in - and support for - the faculty."

In 2014, the University ranked 4th in top higher education institutions in India, 59th in top 100 higher education Institutes in Asia. In 2015, it ranks four in Careers 360 (Magazine) Top Universities in India 2015 and ranks at 56th in BRICS and Emerging Economies by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 

In India, among engineering colleges, it ranked first by India Today in 2013, first by Outlook India in 2013, and third byDataquest in 2011.In the Mint Government Colleges survey of 2009 it ranked 3.

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur or IIT KGP is a public engineering institution established by the government of India in 1951. It was the first of the IITs to be established, and is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the government of India.

As part of Nehru's dream for a free self-sufficient India, the institute was established to train scientists and engineers after India attained independence in 1947. It shares its organisational structure and undergraduate admission process with sister IITs. The students and alumni of IIT Kharagpur are informally referred to as KGPians. Among all IITs, IIT Kharagpur has the largest campus (2,100 acres), the most departments, and the highest student enrollment. IIT Kharagpur is known for its festivals: Spring Fest (Social and Cultural Festival) and Kshitij (Asia's largest Techno-Management Festival).

History

With the help of Bidhan Chandra Roy (chief minister of West Bengal), Indian educationalists Humayun Kabir and Jogendra Singhformed a committee in 1946 to consider the creation of higher technical institutions "for post-war industrial development of India." This was followed by the creation of a 22-member committee headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar. In its interim report, the Sarkar Committee recommended the establishment of higher technical institutions in India, along the lines of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology and consulting from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign along with affiliated secondary institutions. The report urged that work should start with the speedy establishment of major institutions in the four-quarters of the country with the ones in the east and the west to be set up immediately.

On the grounds that West Bengal had the highest concentration of industries at the time, Roy persuaded Jawaharlal Nehru (India's first prime minister) to establish the first institute in West Bengal. The first Indian Institute of Technology was thus established in May 1950 as the Eastern Higher Technical Institute. It was located in Esplanade East, Calcutta, and in September 1950 shifted to its permanent campus at Hijli, Kharagpur 120 kilometres south-west of Calcutta. Hijli had been used as a detention camp during the British colonial rule in India, to keep Indian freedom fighters captive.

IIT Kharagpur is the 3rd oldest technical institute in the state after IIEST Shibpur (1856) and Jadavpur University (established as Bengal technical institute in 1906) When the first session started in August 1951, there were 224 students and 42 teachers in the ten departments of the institute. The classrooms, laboratories and the administrative office were housed in the historic building of the Hijli Detention Camp (now known as Shaheed Bhawan), where political revolutionaries were imprisoned during the British rule. The office building had served as the headquarters of the Bomber Command of the U.S. 20th Air Force during World War II. To honour Bidhan Chandra Roy, the area in front of the main building is named Bidhan Chowk.

The name "Indian Institute of Technology" was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. On 15 September 1956, the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act declaring it an Institute of National Importance. Prime Minister Nehru, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:

Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolical of the changes that are coming to India.

The Shaheed Bhawan was converted to a museum in 1990. The Srinivasa Ramanujan Complex was incorporated as another academic complex of the institute withTakshashila starting operation in 2002, Vikramshila in 2003 and Nalanda in 2012.

Administration

IIT Kharagpur shares a common Visitor (a position held by the President of India) and the IIT Council with other IITs. The rest of IIT Kharagpur's organisational structure is distinct from that of the other IITs. The Board of Governors of IIT Kharagpur is under the IIT Council, and has 13 members that include representatives of the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha, in addition to other members appointed by the IIT Council and the institute's senate. Under the Board of Governors is the institute director, who serves as the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT. He is aided by the deputy director. Under the director and the deputy director are the deans, heads of departments, registrar, president of the students' council, and chairman of the hall management committee. The registrar is the chief administrative officer and oversees day-to-day operations. He is the custodian of records, funds, and other properties of the institute. Under the charge of the heads of departments (HOD) are the faculty (full-time professors as well as those of associate and assistant status). The wardens of hostels are placed under the chairman of the hall management committee in the organisation.

IIT Kharagpur receives comparatively more funding than other engineering colleges in India. While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around Rs. 100–200 million (US$2–4.5 million) per year, IIT Kharagpur gets nearly Rs. 1,300 million ($30 million) per year. Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding by industry-sponsored projects. IIT Kharagpur subsidises undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all MTech students and research scholars to encourage them to pursue higher studies. The cost borne by undergraduate students, including boarding and mess expenses, is around Rs. 1,54,000 ($2,346) per annum. 35% of undergraduate students are given additional financial support based on personal need and economic background, with their annual expenses being nearly Rs. 64,000 ($975).

The academic policies of IIT Kharagpur are decided by its senate. It consists of all professors of the institute, and administrative and student representatives. The senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards. The director of IIT Kharagpur is the ex officiochairman of the senate.

IIT Kharagpur follows the credit-based system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance.^[17] The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. For each semester, the students are graded by taking a weighted average from all the courses with their respective credit points. Each semester's evaluation is done independently with a cumulative grade point average (CGPA) reflecting the average performance across semesters. The medium of instruction is English.

Motto

The motto of IIT Kharagpur is "Yoga Karmashu Kaushalam" (योगः कर्मसु कौशलम् in Sanskrit). The motto literally translates to "Excellence in action is Yoga" essentially implying that doing your work well is (true) yoga. It is sourced to Sri Krishna's discourse to Arjuna in Bhagavad Gita, chapter 2 verse 50. This quote in its larger context of Gita urges man to acquire equanimity because such a soul endowed with the mind of equanimity allows him to shed the effects of his good and evil deeds in this world itself. Equanimity is the source of perfection in Karmic endeavors while leading to Salvation.

Campus

IIT Kharagpur is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of Kolkata. The campus is located five kilometres away from Kharagpur's railway station. The layout of the present campus and the design of the buildings were carried out by a group of engineers and architects under the guidance of Werner M. Moser, a Swiss architect. The 8.5 square kilometres (2,100 acres) campus is residence to about 22,000 inhabitants.^[10] In 2015, IIT Kharagpur had about 600 faculty members, 1,933 employees and approximately 10,010 students living on the campus. The campus has a total of 55 kilometres (34 miles) of roadways. The Institute plans to go Green by 2020.

The 22 student hostels are located on either side of Scholars Avenue, which extends from the institute gate to the B. C. Roy Technology Hospital. The three earliest halls—Patel, Azad, and Nehru—together constitute the PAN loop or Old Campus, which is located just next to Scholar's Avenue. There are ten hostels for undergraduate male students (MMM, LBS, RP, RK, MS, LLR, HJB, Patel, Azad and Nehru) and two for undergraduate female students (SN/IG and MT). There are a few post-graduate students' hostels including four for women(RLB, Gokhle, Nivedita and SAM) and hostels for research scholars (BCR, VS, BRH and JCB) and a separate hostel for scholars from the armed forces. The Jnan Ghosh stadium and Tata Sports Complex host large-scale sports competitions. The Tagore Open Air Theatre has a capacity of 6,000 people, and is used to host cultural programs. The Science and Technology Entrepreneurs' Park (STEP) provides infrastructure facilities to alumni who want to become entrepreneurs but lack infrastructure to start their own corporation.

In addition to the main campus at Kharagpur, the institute has an extension centre at Kolkata to provide venues for continuing education programmes, distance learning courses, and guesthouse accommodation. The institute plans to expand the Kolkata extension centre at Rajarhat, and use it to offer full-time undergraduate and postgraduate courses from the 2008 session onwards. The 10-acre (40,000 m²) Rajarhat campus will house 2,500 students, and will eventually expand to 250 acres (1.0 km²). The institute's plan for a similar branch campus of 200 acres (0.81 km²) in Bhubaneswar was scrapped following rejection by the Union Human Resource and Development ministry.

Academic Buildings

IIT Kharagpur has 19 academic departments, eight multi-disciplinary centres/schools, and 13 schools of excellence in addition to more than 25 central research and development units. Apart from the main building in the central academic complex, the Srinivasa Ramanujan Complex also has common academic facilities. In the S. R. Complex, the Takshashila building houses the G. S. Sanyal School of Telecommunication, the School of Information Technology and the Computer and Informatics Centre; and has facilities for conducting lecture classes as well. Vikramshila is another academic building in the S. R. Complex, having four lecture halls, several seminar rooms, and Kalidas Auditorium, which has a seating capacity of 850. The School of Medical Science and Technology is housed in the basement of the Vikramshila building.

The institute main building houses most of the administrative offices, the lecture halls, and two auditoriums on either side. The signage at the front displays the message," Dedicated to the service of the nation." The tower of the main building has a steel tank with 10,000 imperial gallons of water capacity for emergency supply needs. The Netaji Auditorium in the main building is used for official functions and events, and doubles as a cinema theatre on weekend nights, showing films to the IIT community at subsidised rates.

IIT Kharagpur's first library was located in a small room of the institute's Old Building (Shaheed Bhawan). At the time of its opening in 1951, the library had a collection of 2,500 books. Now located in the main building of the institute, the Central Library is one of the largest of its type. Its collection includes over 350,000 books and documents, and it subscribes to more than 1,600 printed and online journals and conference proceedings.

The library has six halls and a section exclusively for SC and ST students. The library's collection consists of books, reports, conference proceedings, back volumes of periodicals, standards, theses, micro-forms, DVDs, CD-ROMs, and audio-visual material. The library's transaction service is automated and online searches are possible through an Online Public Access Catalog(OPAC). The Electronic Library section has a collection of databases, video lectures and miscellaneous other resources.

The Nehru Museum of Science and Technology has over a hundred indoor exhibits that include technical models collected from institutions across India. The park outside the museum contains 14 open-air demonstrations and outdoor exhibits, including a hunter plane and a steam engine. The museum has an archive room, showing documents relating to the history of the institute and West Midnapore district. The Rural Museum, located in the Rural Development Centre of the institute, has a collection of exhibits in local culture.

Undergraduate education

IIT Kharagpur offers degrees as part of its undergraduate programmes. They include Bachelor of Technology (BTech.Hons),Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) and the 5-year integrated Master of Science. The BTech degree is the most common undergraduate degree in IIT Kharagpur in terms of student enrolment. It is based on a four-year programme with eight semesters. The first year of the BTech curriculum has common courses from various departments. At the end of the first year, an option to change departments is given to students on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters. Unlike other IITs which evaluate their students on the basis of others' performance which does not foster shared learning and communication,IIT- Kharagpur uses absolute scores.

From the second year onwards, the students take courses offered by their departments that are known as depth courses. In addition to these, the students take inter-disciplinary courses known as breadth courses. Separate courses from the humanitiesand social sciences (HSS) department, and management and information technology are also required. At the end of the third year, the BTech and dual degree students undertake industrial training for a minimum period of eight working weeks as part of the undergraduate curriculum. In the final year of their studies, most of the students are offered jobs in industries and other organisations through the Training and Placement section of the institute. Some students opt out of this facility in favour of higher studies or by applying to recruiting organisations directly. In addition to themajor degree as part of the undergraduate education, students can take courses from other departments, and by demonstrating knowledge of a discipline based on objectives set by the department, earn a minor in that department.

Postgraduate and doctoral education

IIT Kharagpur offers postgraduate programmes including Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Business Administration (MBA), and Master of Sciences (MSc). Some specialised post graduate programmes offered by IIT Kharagpur include Master of Human Resource Management (MHRM), Postgraduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), Master in Medical Science and Technology (MMST), Master of City Planning (MCP), LL.B in Intellectual Property Law (LL.B Honors in IP Law), and Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation and Management (PGDMOM). The institute offers the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of its doctoral education programme. The doctoral scholars are given a topic by the professor, or work on the consultancy projects sponsored by industry. The duration of the programme is usually unspecified and depends on the discipline. PhD scholars submit a dissertation as well as conduct an oral defence of their thesis. Teaching assistantships (TA) andresearch assistantships (RA) are provided based on the scholar's academic profile. IIT Kharagpur offers an M.S. (by research) programme; the MTech and M.S. being similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) master programmes respectively.

IIT Kharagpur (along with other IITs) offers Dual Degree programs that integrate undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected pairs of branches and specialisations. Most of the Dual Degree programs involve specialisation in the major field of education of the student. For a dual degree involving an MBA from Vinod Gupta School of Management, the selection is made on the basis of an aptitude test of students across all engineering streams. The Dual Degree program spans five years as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech or MBA (two years).

IIT Kharagpur has a management school (Vinod Gupta School of Management), an entrepreneurship school (Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship) and a law school (Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law) on its premises. The Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law has been opened in collaboration with George Washington University. The School of Medical Science and Technology in IIT kharagpur is the first and also the "only" of its kind in the country where M.B.B.S. graduates are trained in art and science of medical research with aim to provide a platform for interdisciplinary teaching and research in the field of medical science and technology. IIT Kharagpur will invest around Rs 2.30 billion for its 400 bed super specialty hospital in the campus which will impart undergraduate medical course to students.The institute is expected to start the course in 2017 which will be recognised by Medical Council of India (MCI).

Continuing education

The institute offers the Continuing Education Programme (CEP) for qualified engineers and scientists to learn technologies and developments in their academic disciplines. As part of CEP, the institute offers formal degree programmes (MTech and PhD) and an Early Faculty Induction Programme (EFIP) under the Quality Improvement Programme (QIP), short-term courses supported by the All India Council for Technical Education, self-financed short-term courses supported by course fees, and certificate courses conducted as distance education. In addition to conducting educational courses, the CEP develops model curricula for engineering education. As of 2006, the CEP has facilitated publication of 103 course curriculum books. The CEP administers SIMAP (Small Industries Management Assistant Programme) and STUP (Skill-cum-Technology Upgradation Programme) on behalf of IIT Kharagpur; the institute being a corpus institute of SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India).

Academic Units

Departments

• Aerospace Engineering
• Agricultural & Food Engineering
• Architecture & Regional Planning
• Biotechnology
• Chemical Engineering
• Chemistry
• Civil Engineering
• Computer Science & Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Electronics & Electrical Communication Engineering
• ECE
• Geology & Geophysics
• Humanities & Social Sciences
• Industrial & Systems Engineering
• Mathematics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Metallurgical & Materials Engineering
• Mining Engineering
• Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture
• Physics

Centres

• Rubber Technology
• Reliability Engineering
• Cryogenic Engineering
• Materials Science
• Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences
• Rural Development Centre
• Center for Educational Technology

Schools

• G S Sanyal School of Telecommunications
• Rajendra Mishra School of Engineering Entrepreneurship
• Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law
• Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management
• Medical Science & Technology
• School of Water Resources
• Vinod Gupta School of Management, IIT Kharagpur

Rankings

Internationally, IIT Kharagpur is ranked 286 in the QS World University Rankings (Quacquarelli Symonds) of 2015 and 60 in the QS Asian University Rankings of 2014. IIT Kharagpur is ranked 3 in National Institutional Ranking Framework published by Ministry of Human Resource Development in April 2016.

IIT Kharagapur is ranked in the 351-400 range by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2013-14. Recently, it was declared the top educational hub in India as per the Times Higher Education, Asia Rankings. It was ranked 439 in the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). In India, among engineering colleges, it ranked 3 by India Today in 2013, 2 by Outlook India in 2013 and 4 by Dataquest in 2011. In India, among universities, it ranks 3 in Careers 360 (Magazine) Top Universities in India 2015. In the Mint Government Colleges survey of 2009 it ranked 4. IIT, Kharagpur, has emerged as the top engineering college in EDU-RAND ranking 2014 followed by IITs in Delhi and Kanpur.

City University of Hong Kong

City University of Hong Kong is a public research university in Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was founded in 1984 as City Polytechnic of Hong Kong and became a fully accredited university in 1994. It is one of eight government-funded degree-granting tertiary institutions.

City University of Hong Kong is organised into three colleges and four schools, including the College of Business, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, School of Creative Media, School of Energy and Environment, School of Law, and School of Veterinary Medicine. CityU offers over 50 bachelor's degree programmes through its constituent colleges and schools. It also offers dual degree programmes with world-renowned universities such asColumbia University. Postgraduate degree programmes are offered by the Chow Yei Ching School of Graduate Studies.

City University of Hong Kong is globally recognised as a top centre of higher learning and research. CityU is ranked #57 in the world in the QS World University Rankings. In particular, the College of Business is well regarded for their cutting-edge research. It is ranked #57 in the world and #2 in Asia by the U.S. News & World Report. It is also ranked #33 in the world and #2 in Asia in the UTD Top 100 Business School Research Ranking.

History

City University's origins lie in the calls for a "second polytechnic" in the years following the 1972 establishment of the Hong Kong Polytechnic. In 1982, Executive Council member Chung Sze-yuen spoke of a general consensus that "a second polytechnic of similar size to the first should be built as soon as possible." District administrators from Tuen Mun and Tsuen Wan lobbied the government to build the new institution in their respective new towns. The government instead purchased temporary premises at the new Argyle Centre Tower II in Mong Kok, a property developed by the Mass Transit Railway Corporation in concert with the then-Argyle Station. The new school was called City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, a name chosen among nearly 300 suggestions made by members of the public.

The new polytechnic opened on 8 October 1984, welcoming 480 full-time and 680 part-time students. Founding director Dr. David Johns stated that the unique modular structure of the coursework offered "absolute parity of academic standards between full-time and part time students" and that provision for part-time students contributed to a huge demand for student places, with the quota being filled almost immediately. The polytechnic's planning committee sought to accommodate a student population of 8,000 by the end of the 1980s, and construction of the permanent campus in nearby Kowloon Tong began shortly thereafter.

The architectural contract to design the new campus was won by Percy Thomas Partnership in association with Alan Fitch and W.N. Chung. It was originally slated to open by October 1988. The first phase was officially opened by Governor Wilson on 15 January 1990, and boasted 14 lecture theatres and 1,500 computers. By 1991, the school had over 8,000 full-time students and approximately 3,000 part-time students. The second phase of the permanent campus opened 1993. The school achieved university status in 1994 and the name was changed accordingly.

Campus

City University of Hong Kong is located on Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon. It is near the MTR Kowloon Tong Station of the East Rail Line and Kwun Tong Line, Shek Kip Mei Park, Nam Shan Estate and the Festival Walk shopping centre. The main campus covers around 15.6 hectares. Principal buildings include Academic 1, Academic 2, Academic 3, Amenities Building, Mong Man-wai Building, Fong Yun-wah Building, Cheng Yick-chi Building, Academic Exchange Building, To Yuen Building, Hu Fa Kuang Sports Centre, two senior staff quarters (Nam Shan Yuen, Tak Chee Yuen), Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre and the student residential halls.

Academic 1

The original buildings for CityU comprising Academic 1 were designed by Percy Thomas Partnership with Fitch and Chung, who won an international design competition. The first phase of construction was completed in 1990 and the second phase (increasing capacity to 20,000 students) in 1993. The total floor area is about 63,000 m², including 116 laboratories, 18 lecture halls, classrooms, as well as school canteens. The buildings had to be low-rise because of airport height restrictions. The school colours are drawn from the interior colours of the first phase of Academic 1.

Academic 2

Opened in 2011, Academic 2 is a combined academic, administrative and amenities building covering 20,900m², located near the Amenities Building and Hu Fa Kuang Sports Centre. It is a 9-storey building comprising 12 lecture theatres, 45 classrooms, 11 computer rooms, a canteen with a capacity of 800, staff offices, a number of multi-function rooms, and plenty of learning resources and common areas.

Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre (CMC)

In November 2010 the new Creative Media Centre was completed, designed by Studio Daniel Libeskind with Leigh & OrangeArchitects. The distinctive design includes a range of spaces, lighting and materials to inspire students, faculty, and staff. The building was designed to house the School of Creative Media, the Centre for Media Technology and the Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. The building was also selected by CNN as one of the world's 10 most spectacular university buildings.

Academic 3

Academic 3 is a new combined academic, amenities, and administrative building with 20,500m² of net operational area which consists of facilities such as classrooms, lecture theatres (including one holding up to 600 people), teaching and research laboratories, multi-function rooms, a canteen, common areas, administrative offices and a roof garden. The 12-storey building was built in light of the student influx anticipated to result from the 334 Scheme. The designer and architect for Academic 3 was Ronald Lu and Partners.

Governance

The Council comprises 23 university members. The chief executive of Hong Kong has the power to appoint 15 of the 23 council members, seven of which are named directly and eight appointed upon recommendation of the council. The chief executive can also appoint the chairman, deputy and treasurer.; the vice-chancellor is in turn appointed by the council.

Colleges and schools]

The three colleges: Business, Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, Science and Engineering, and the School of Law and School of Creative Media offer bachelor's degreesand postgraduate programmes. The School of Energy and Environment currently offers postgraduate degree programmes and the new School of Veterinary Medicine is now in operation. The Division of Building Science and Technology and the Community College of City University (CCCU) runs government-funded and self-fundedassociate degree programmes respectively.

The School of Continuing and Professional Education (SCOPE) helps fulfil the University's role as a centre for lifelong education by providing continuing educational opportunities for the community through diplomas, certificate and short programmes.

Research institute/centres

• State Key Laboratories
  • State Key Laboratory of Millimetre Waves
  • State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution
• University Research Centres
  • Centre for Prognostics and System Health Management
  • Centre of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films
  • Liu Bie Ju Centre for Mathematical Sciences
• College/School Research Centres
  • Centre for Applied Computing and Interactive Media
  • Centre for Chaos and Complex Networks
  • Centre for Chinese and Comparative Law
  • Centre for Communication Research
  • Centre for Functional Photonics
  • Governance in Asia Research Centre
  • Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre
  • The Halliday Centre for Intelligent Applications of Language Studies
  • Southeast Asia Research Centre
• Applied Strategic Development Centres
  • Centre for Electronic Packaging and Assemblies, Failure Analysis and Reliability Engineering
  • Centre for Innovative Applications of Internet and Multimedia Technologies
  • Centre for Power Electronics
  • Hong Kong Centre for Maritime and Transportation Law
• Shenzhen Applied R&D Centres
• Biotechnology and Health Centre
• Futian-CityU Mangrove R&D Centre
• Future Networking Centre
• Information and Communication Technologies Centre

Computer Services Centre

The Computing Services Centre (CSC) is responsible for the provision of central computing facilities and technical services to support various aspects of computing and networking within the University.

Library

The Run Run Shaw Library was established in 1984. In 1989, the Library moved to its current location in Academic 1 on the university campus in Kowloon Tong and the following year it was renamed Run Run Shaw Library in recognition of a generous donation by Sir Run Run Shaw.

Located on Level 3 of Academic 1, the library occupies a central location which is easily accessible to users. It has a total area of 17,244m². The library has around 2,440 seats available during term time and 2,700 during the Revision and Examination Periods.

The library's collection includes more than 1,067,400 print books and over 2 million electronic books. The collection also comprises around 216,100 volumes of bound periodicals and around 2,690 print serial titles. The library maintains an expanding number of electronic resources including 370 electronic databases, around 75,100 e-journals, and around 68,200 media resources.

Sports facilities

Hu Fa Kuang Sports Centre is a five-storey sports centre which houses a multi-purpose hall and four practice gymnasiums for badminton, basketball, volleyball, martial arts and dance, and other activities. There is a table-tennis room, six squash courts, an indoor sport-climbing wall, two physical fitness rooms and two golf driving rooms plus a golf simulation room. In May 2016, the 1,400 square metre roof of the Chan Tai Ho multi-purpose hall at the sports centre which had been covered with a living roof completed only two months previously suddenly collapsed, injuring three people.

CityU also has a 50-metre, Olympic-size swimming pool and a full-size outdoor basketball court. The off-campus Joint Sports Centre provides a variety of outdoor sports facilities, including an international standard 8-lane all-weather running track and field facilities, an 11-a-side natural grass football pitch, four tennis courts with a 200-seat spectator stand, a multi-purpose court and two-bay golf practice area. It is jointly owned and shared by City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Baptist University and The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Canteen and food services

City Express: Amenities building, 5F
City Chinese Restaurant: Amenities building, 8F
City Top: Amenities building, 9F
Maxim’s: Academic 2, 3F
Delifrance: Academic 3, 3F
Bistro: Academic3, 7F
Garden Café (Grove Company Ltd): Academic Exchange building, GF
Homey Kitchen: Multi-purpose hall B of Student Residence
CMCafé (Grove Company Ltd): Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre, 3F

Students Union

The CityU Students' Union, established in 1986, has a high degree of autonomy in running its own affairs. Its 19 societies, approximately 40 affiliated clubs and seven residents' associations organise regular functions throughout the year. The Students' Union was a constituent member of the Hong Kong Federation of Students.

Sport teams

CityU is "One of the Best Universities in Sports" among 11 member tertiary institutions in Hong Kong. It is the only University that has captured Double Champions for 8 times in both Men’s and Women’s Overall Championship in the USFHK Sports Competition in the years 1996–97, 2000–01, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–2013 and 2013-2014. CityU now has over 400 athletes in 16 sports events. The slogan of the sports team is "Be the best that we can be".

Proposed off-campus student hostel

There is a proposed student hostel to be built at Whitehead in Ma On Shan. It has a target of providing 2,168 bed places. The construction is expected to be commenced in late 2014 and completed in mid 2017.

Reputation and Rankings

CityU is No. 57 in the Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) World University Rankings (2015) and No. 9 among the top universities in Asia in the QS Asian University Rankings (2015). In addition, it was ranked No. 4 in the QS world’s under 50 years old universities (2015).

In the Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2015), CityU is No. 27 in the field of Engineering/ Technology and Computer Sciences; and No. 45 in the subject of computer science and No. 22 in the subject of mathematics.

In the US News Best Global Universities for Engineering (2015), CityU is ranked Top 10 in the world and 1st in Hong Kong.

According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, linguistics has been ranked among the top 50 universities worldwide for six consecutive years (from 2011 to 2016), and is ranked No. 29 in 2016.

The CityU College of Business is highly regarded in Hong Kong and internationally, and is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business(AACSB) and the European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS). Furthermore, in the US News Best Global Universities for Business (2015), CityU College of Business is ranked No. 2 in Asia and No. 57 in the world. In the UTD Top 100 Business School Research Ranking, the College of Business is ranked No. 2 in Asia and No. 33 in the world.

According to the Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) World University Rankings (2015), CityU is ranked at No. 192 in the world. Full list of its strength in individual disciplines can be seen via the list of subject rankings of Hong Kong tertiary institutions.

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